The European Commission has proposed tougher controls on Covid vaccine exports after it accused UK-Swedish firm AstraZeneca of failing to honour its contract to supply EU countries.
The plans, to go before EU leaders on Thursday, stop short of a ban but could inflame tensions with the UK.
Any shipment would be assessed on the destination country's rate of vaccinations and vaccine exports.
Meanwhile, 29 million AZ doses have been inspected in a raid in Italy.
Italy confirms police 'inspection'
The Italian government said the health squad of the military police had gone to "verify" batches at a plant in Anagni, near Rome, last weekend after a request by the European Commission.
The plant has a contract with AstraZeneca to fill the vials with the vaccine and label them, and will do the same for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, which is also approved for use in the EU.
La Stampa newspaper reported that the UK was a possible destination for some of the doses but a UK government official said it was not expecting such a delivery. The Italian government said "the batches that were inspected were all aimed for Belgium".
The discovery comes weeks after the Italian government blocked the export of 250,000 doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine to Australia, as part of new EU regulations allowing a shipment to be stopped if a company fails to meet its obligations to the 27 member states.
The latest EU proposals are aimed at securing vaccine supplies. When asked whether the aim was to punish the UK in particular, EU Health Commissioner Stella Kyriakides said: "We're dealing with a pandemic and this is not seeking to punish any countries."
As infections rise across Europe, EU member states are trying to speed up Covid vaccination campaigns after a sluggish start, blamed partly on delayed deliveries of the AZ drug as well as safety checks.
Germany had announced a strict five-day lockdown over Easter, but in a dramatic announcement on Wednesday Chancellor Angela Merkel called it off after talks with state leaders. "This mistake is my mistake alone," she said, explaining that it had been decided with the best of intentions.
Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi said on Wednesday that on average 170,000 daily vaccinations had been carried out this month and that the objective was to increase that to half a million. He highlighted the large number of vaccination sites and people taking part in the UK inoculation drive.
"We must ask pharmaceutical companies to fully respect their commitments on a European level," Mr Draghi said, calling for a supply chain that was not vulnerable to shocks and decisions made elsewhere.
Italy is one of 19 EU countries seeing a rise in Covid infections, according to the EU. Poland has reported a record 29,978 cases in the past 24 hours.
What the Commission is planning
The tougher export controls are most like to affect vaccine-exporting countries that have higher vaccination rates than the EU, such as the UK and US.
The key criteria for the proposed regulations are "reciprocity" and "proportionality":
- The EU says there is no reciprocity if a country importing vaccines from the EU restricts exports itself either by law or other means, so "it may be appropriate to consider whether exports to this country are justified"
- Member states and the Commission will also consider the epidemiological situation in that non-EU country, its vaccination rate and existing availability of Covid-19 vaccines.
There will be no outright export bans, which are opposed by countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium.
Vaccine manufacturers would be assessed to see if they were fulfilling their contract with the EU, although no specific algorithm is planned.
A UK government spokesperson said: "We are all fighting the same pandemic - vaccines are an international operation; they are produced by collaboration by great scientists around the world. And we will continue to work with our European partners to deliver the vaccine rollout."
Last week, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen complained that the EU had exported more than 10 million doses to the UK but the UK had so far exported none in return.
Her colleagues added that this had to be seen in the context of the EU being both a global Covid hotspot and also the biggest exporter of vaccines. Since the end of January, EU countries have exported 43 million doses of vaccine to 33 countries not subject to export authorisation, they say.
UK sources insist vital components are being sent to the continent, for example for the Pfizer vaccine, and they have emphasised the UK's role in investing early in vaccine development, BBC correspondent Nick Beake reports.
The EU's 27 leaders will assess the proposals at a summit on Thursday, in which US President Joe Biden will also take part via video.
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